Monday, October 24, 2011

Phrasal Verb “Run”


      Run about
To like to walk anywhere
“Let the dog run about in your garden!”
Run across (sb/sth)
To meet or find someone or something by change
“I ran across Hana this morning.”
Run after (sb/sth)
To chase someone or something
“She was running after a dog.”
To try to have a romantic relationship with somebody (informal)
“I can’t keep running after him all day.”
Run against
To compete
Run along
To fringe
“This road runs along the river.”
Run around
To run in an area without a definite purpose
“Panji is running around the field.”
To be very busy doing many small jobs
“I don’t want to be running around changing diapers.”
Run around with (sb)
To spend a lot of time with someone in way that other people disapprove
“Is it true that she has been running around with a younger man?”
Run away (from sb/sth)
To leave a place secretly
“They run away from her father.”
Run away with you (of a feeling)
To control you completely
“Don’t let that idea run away with you!”
Run away/off with (sb)
To leave your home, husband, wife, etc to have relationship with somebody
“She runs away with her boss.”
Run down
To hit and injure someone or something
“My cousin was run down by a motorcycles’ accident.’
To say things that are rule
To let a company stop functioning/working
“The oil company is being run down.”
 To find someone or something after searching for a long time
“I finally run the novel down at Kinokuniya Bookstore.”
Run for
To run to (the exit)
“When it began to rain, we ran for it.”
Run (sb/sth) in
To drop in
“I’ll ran in for a moment.”
Run into (sb)
To hit someone or something with a car or a vehicle
“My car ran into a gate.”
To meet someone by change (informal)
Run into (sth)
To experience difficulties
“The company runs into trouble.”
Run (sth) off
To leave a place or person in a way that people disapprove
“Lisa’s husband had run her off.”
To quickly print
“Would you like to run off some magazine?”
Run off with (sb/sth)
To go away with someone (informal)
To take something without permission
“The thief ran off with all my money.”
Run on
To continue happening for longer than planned
“The lecture ran on until 2 o’clock.”
Run out
To become no longer valid
To use all of something and not have any of it left
“My car has run out of gas.”
Run out on
To leave someone, when you should not
“He ran out on his second wife 3 months later.”
Run over
To hit someone or something with a car or a vehicle
“He was run by a bus.”
To explain or practice something again
“Would you like to run over that lesson again?”
To think about a series of events
“I ran out over the option in my mind.”
Run through (sth)
To repeat something quickly
“Let’s run through the first scene!”
To discuss
To pass quickly through
To perform or practice something
Run to (sth)
To reach a particular amount
To be enough money to pay something
“My wages won’t run to a new car.”
Run (sth) up
To use a lot of something or lend a lot of money
“She ran up an enormous phone bill.”
To make something very quickly
To raise a flag on a pole
Run up against
To have a deal with unexpected problems
“We ran up against some unexpected opposition.”

References
·         (2008). Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press
·         (2001). New Words. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 3rd Edition with New Words Supplement. England : Longman
·         Echols, J.M. (1997). Kamus Inggris Indonesia. Indonesia: Gramedia

Parts Of Speech



            The parts of speech are usually grouped into two categories: open type and closed type. The open types are also known as “open classes” or “major word classes”. Such classes are “open” in that new words are added as they are coined.  The closed types are known as “closed classes” or “minor word classes”. It plays a more structural role in a sentence. It is static, in that no new members are added to it. The open types are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverb. The other one are auxiliary verbs, prepositions, pronoun, determiners, and conjunction. To contrast the two categories, notice the difference between the following two sentences:
            With the function words (content words deleted):
            The_______for_________the____________in the________.
            With the content words (function words deleted):
            ____broom____sweeping____floor belongs______closet.
Clearly, the central message can be grasped better when the content words are left in than when only the function words remain.
            The open types carry most of the content or meaning of a sentence and it admit new words. For example, nouns are an open class and new nouns are created all the time. Thus, the growth of the internet has resulted in many new nouns such as blog (from ‘web-log’), smiley, spam, hypertext, and so on. Furthermore, not all the open classes are truly open. Only certain adverbs can be added to the adverb class, namely the “manner” adverbs, which usually end in –ly.

Example of open classes’ words:
1.      Noun


·           Fax                                  
·           Internet
·           Blog
·           Spam
·           Smiley
·           Podcast
·           Netbook
·           Hotspot
·           Chatroom



2.      Verb
·           Upload
·           Download
·           Computerize
·           Podcast
·           Fax
·           Benchmark
·           Cannibalize
·           Chat
·           Clone

3.      Adjective
·           Fair-trade
·           Ballistic
·           Clickable
·           Hyperkinetic
·           Laddish
·           Low-rent

4.      Adverb
·           Automagically
·           Virtually

References
·         Carter, R.A. and McCarthy, M.J. (2006). Introduction to word classes and phrase classes. Cambridge Grammar Of English. (pp. 296). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
·         Celce-Murcia, M. and Lanser-Freeman, D. (1999). Grammatical Metalanguage. The Grammar Book. (pp.15). USA: Heinle & Heinle
·         Aarts, Bas. (2001). Words, word classes and phrases. English Syntax and Argumentation. (pp.26). England: Palgrave
·         (2008). Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press
·         (2001). New Words. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 3rd Edition with New Words Supplement. England : Longman